Ústav geodézie
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- ItemProposal of Technological GIS Support as Part of Resident Parking in Large Cities–Case Study, City of Brno(MDPI, 2020-04-03) Kubíček, Pavel; Bartoněk, Dalibor; Bureš, Jiří; Švábenský, OtakarOver the last few years, there has been a significant increase in people’s dependence on passenger and freight transport. As a result, traffic infrastructure is congested, especially in big city centers and, at critical times, this is to the point of traffic collapse. This has led to the need to address this situation by the progressive deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), which are used to optimize traffic, to increase traffic flow, and to improve transport safety, including reduction of adverse environmental impacts. In 2018, the first results of the C-Roads Platform which is a joint initiative of European Member States and road operators for testing and implementing C-ITS services in light of cross-border harmonization and interoperability (C-ROADS ) Czech Republic project were put into operation in Brno, closely related to the international initiative to support the data structure for future communication between vehicles and intelligent transport infrastructure. A system of transport organization and safety was introduced in the city of Brno, which manages key information and ensures central management of partial systems of transport organization and safety. The most important part of this system is the parking organization system discussed in this article. The main objective was to streamline the parking system in the city center of Brno and in the immediate vicinity by preventing unauthorized long-term parking, ensuring an increased number of parking places for residents and visitors by increasing the turnover of parking. The aim of the research was to investigate (i) the possibility and optimal use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for resident parking system solutions, (ii) the integration of Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) satellite data and image data collected by cameras on the move and (iii) the possibility of using network algorithms to optimize mobile data collection planning. The aim of our study is to design and optimize the integrated collection of image data localized by satellite GNSS technologies in the GIS environment to support the resident parking system, including an evaluation of its effectiveness. To achieve this goal, a residential parking monitoring system was designed and implemented, based on dynamic monitoring of the parking state using a vehicle equipped with a digital camera system and Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) technology for measuring the vehicle position, controlled by spatial and attribute data flow from static and dynamic spatial databases in the Geographic Information System (GIS), which integrate the whole monitoring system. The control algorithm of a vehicle passing through the street network works on the basis of graph theory with a defined recurrence interval for the same route, taking into account other parameters such as the throughput of the street network at a given time, its traffic signs and the usual level of traffic density. Statistics after one year of operation show that the proposed system significantly increased the economic yield from parking areas from the original 30% to 90%, and reduced the overall violation of parking rules to only 10%. It further increased turnover and thus the possibility of short-term parking for visitors and also ensured availability of parking for residents in the historical center of Brno and surrounding monitored areas.
- ItemEvaluation of Influence of the Environment on the Choice of Buildings for Residential Living(MDPI, 2020-06-16) Bartoněk, Dalibor; Bureš, Jiří; Švábenský, OtakarIn the CR (Czech Republic), there are a lot of prefabricated housing estates built in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, which are at the end of their life cycle. The main goal of the project was to evaluate the rate of energy savings in the long term due to the revitalization of prefabricated apartment buildings, and thus provide feedback to the relevant authorities on its effectiveness. Another goal was to evaluate selected parameters of living comfort in the locality for the purposes of the real estate market with the possibility of providing them to those interested in living in the locality. A complex of methods was used, which evaluate criteria from various spheres, such as environment, spatial relationships, social aspects, etc. The authors used a combination of multi-criterial analysis methods (MCA) and spatial analysis within a Geographical Information System (GIS). Of all MCA methods, weighted linear combination (WLC) was chosen as the most suitable. In the spatial analyses, the matter of solution was, above all, the distance to the center and the transport within the given locality. The above-mentioned methods served as a model for evaluating whether a panel house in question is or is not suitable for reconstruction. The input data of the model are spatial data—national map series of the CR, environmental data (noise maps, energy demands of buildings)—and statistical data obtained from various sources (city administration of Brno, relevant organizations, and interviews with respondents). Within Inquiry Form 3, potential groups of respondents were addressed: Group A—people over fifty, group B—young families with children, group C—students under 25. The projected model was tested in Brno city in the locality of Nový Lískovec (CR). The proposed model provided information on the quality of housing in a given locality in terms of energy intensity, noise pollution, transport accessibility, and civic amenities. The output is a multi-criteria model with GIS support, which is generally applicable. The results of the model analyses led to the demonstration of the effectiveness of revitalization. The results can be used for estate offices or other organizations in the form of graphical outputs of appropriate variants on the basis of solving a lot of criteria when searching for a suitable residence.
- ItemProblems of Creation and Usage of 3D Model of Structures and Theirs Possible Solution(MDPI, 2020-01-20) Bartoněk, Dalibor; Buday, MichalThis article describes problems that occur when creating three-dimensional (3D) building models. The first problem is geometric accuracy; the next is the quality of visualization of the resulting model. The main cause of this situation is that current Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software does not have sufficient means to precision mapping the measured data of a given object in field. Therefore the process of 3D model creation is mainly a relatively high proportion of manual work when connecting individual points, approximating curves and surfaces, or laying textures on surfaces. In some cases, it is necessary to generalize the model in the CAD system, which degrades the accuracy and quality of field data. The article analyzes these problems and then recommends several variants for their solution. There are described two basic methods: using topological codes in the list of coordinates points and creating new special CAD features while using Python scripts. These problems are demonstrated on examples of 3D models in practice. These are mainly historical buildings in different locations and different designs (brick or wooden structures). These are four sacral buildings in the Czech Republic (CR): the church of saints Johns of Brno-Bystrc, the Church of St. Paraskiva in Blansko, further the Strejc’s Church in Židlochovice, and Church of St. Peter in Alcantara in Karviná city. All of the buildings were geodetically surveyed by terrestrial method while using total station. The 3D model was created in both cases in the program AUTOCAD v. 18 and MicroStation.
- ItemAccuracy Evaluation and Comparison of Mobile Laser Scanning and Mobile Photogrammetry Data(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020-12-15) Kalvoda, Petr; Nosek, Jakub; Kuruc, Michal; Volařík, Tomáš; Kalvodová, PetraMobile mapping systems (MMS) are becoming used in standard geodetic tasks more common in the last years. This paper deals with the accuracy evaluation of two types of data acquired by MMS RIEGL VMX-450, and their comparison. The first type is data from mobile laser scanning (MLS). The second type is mobile photogrammetry data. The new high accurate test point field was built in area of Advanced Materials, Structures and Technologies (AdMaS) research centre that is part of Brno University of Technology. Geodetic network and test point field were measured by Trimble R8s GNSS system and Trimble S8 HP total station. The estimate of the 3D standard deviation determined by an adjustment is 2 mm. The accuracy of MLS and mobile photogrammetry data was tested based on the differences between the coordinates of the points determined from the MMS data and determined by before mentioned high precise measurement. The resulting coordinates from photogrammetric data were determined by manual detection of targets in the images. The estimate of the 3D standard deviation is 0.017 m from the MLS data, and 0.061 m from the mobile photogrammetry data. As we supposed, the mobile laser scanning data are significantly more accurate than mobile photogrammetry data. Achieved accuracy of MLS exceeds the original expectations with respect to the GNSS/IMU positioning accuracy, which is according to the manufacturer RIEGL between 0.02-0.05 m. The same scene is often scanned with multiple scanning passes to ensure high quality of the scanned point cloud, therefore we tested the relative accuracy of mobile laser scanning data from two MMS vehicle passes in the same locality of interest. Two different data sets were evaluated, first data set contains points on roads, second data set on buildings. The standard deviation estimate does not exceed 0.008 m and the maximum absolute deviation does not exceed 0.030 m for both data sets. The difference between the two passes is not significant in comparison with the accuracy criteria required for standard mapping purposes. We also compared automatic point cloud production from photogrammetry data processed in Bentley ContextCapture to the point cloud from laser scanning. The MLS data has been used as a reference because it is significantly more accurate as mentioned before. This comparison was done only on the second data set (buildings). The standard deviation estimate is 0.16 m and the maximum absolute deviation is 0.25 m. Our evaluation contains also statistical testing of outliers and stragglers. In contrast to many authors, we don't use the simplified approach 3 rule, and in 1D. We use more exact approach using critical values of the statistics for significance levels = 5 % and = 1 % to stragglers and outliers test in 3D.
- ItemEarthquake Magnitude Estimation using Precise Point Positioning(IOP Publishing, 2021-12-06) Nosek, Jakub; Václavovic, PavelAn accurate estimation of an earthquake magnitude plays an important role in targeting emergency services towards affected areas. Along with the traditional methods using seismometers, site displacements caused by an earthquake can be monitored by the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). GNSS can be used either in real-time for early warning systems or in offline mode for precise monitoring of ground motion. The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) offers an optimal method for such purposes, because data from only one receiver are considered and thus not affected by other potentially not stable stations. Precise external products and empirical models have to be applied, and the initial convergence can be reduced or eliminated by the backward smoothing strategy or integer ambiguity resolution. The product for the magnitude estimation is a peak ground displacement (PGD). PGDs observed at many GNSS stations can be utilized for a robust estimate of an earthquake magnitude. We tested the accuracy of estimated magnitude scaling when using displacement waveforms collected from six selected earthquakes between the years 2016 and 2020 with magnitudes in a range of 7.5– 8.2 Moment magnitude MW. We processed GNSS 1Hz and 5Hz data from 182 stations by the PPP method implemented in the G-Nut/Geb software. The precise satellites orbits and clocks corrections were provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). PGDs derived on individual GNSS sites formed the basis for ground motion parameters estimation. We processed the GNSS observations by the combination of the Kalman filter (FLT) and the backward smoother (SMT), which significantly enhanced the kinematic solution. The estimated magnitudes of all the included earthquakes were compared to the reference values released by the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The moment magnitude based on SMT was improved by 20% compared to the FLT-only solution. An average difference from the comparison was 0.07 MW and 0.09 MW for SMT and FLT solutions, respectively. The corresponding standard deviations were 0.18 MW and 0.22 MW for SMT and FLT solutions, which shows a good consistency of our and the reference estimates.