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Item
Wireless electrochemical fabrication of tungsten oxide nanoporous layers in closed bipolar cells
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2025-07-01) Sepúlveda Sepúlveda, Lina Marcela; Baishya, Kaushik; Rodriguez Pereira, Jhonatan; Čičmancová, Veronika; Hromádko, Luděk; Macák, Jan
In this work, the anodization of tungsten (W) foils using closed bipolar electrochemical cells is demonstrated for the first time. The anodization was done using three different electrolytes: (1) 1 M NH4NO3, 1 wt%. H2O in ethylene glycol (EG); (2) 1 M (NH4)2SO4, 75 mM NH4F in H2O; and (3) 170 mM NH4 1.5 wt%. H2O in EG. Different square-wave potentials and frequencies were applied during the anodization. Among the tested electrolytes, electrolyte 1 produced the most well-defined and homogeneous WO3 nanoporous (NP) layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of multiple W oxidation states on the WO3 NP layers using electrolytes 1 and 2, with W6+ and W5+ being the dominant species. The results demonstrate well-defined WO3 NP layers with a high W6+ species concentration and less than 10 at.% W5+ is achieved using electrolyte 1. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the electrolyte composition, W oxidation states, and the morphology of WO3 NP layers.
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Investigating aquatic biodegradation and changes in the properties of pristine and UV-irradiated microplastics from conventional and biodegradable agricultural plastics
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2025-07-01) Putar, Ula; Fazlić, Aida; Brunnbauer, Lukas; Novak, Janja; Jemec Kokalj, Anita; Imperl, Jernej; Kučerík, Jiří; Procházková, Petra; Federici, Stefania; Hurley, Rachel; Sever Škapin, Andrijana; Modlitbová, Pavlína; Pořízka, Pavel; Kaiser, Jozef; Limbeck, Andreas; Kalčíková, Gabriela
There is an increasing tendency to replace conventional agricultural plastic mulching films with biodegradable alternatives. However, while the latter biodegrade well under controlled conditions (e.g. industrial compost), their biodegradation in non-target environments (e.g. aquatic environments) is questioned and poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, microplastics derived from conventional polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate starch blend (PBAT) mulching films were exposed to UV irradiation and subsequently tested for their ready biodegradability in an aqueous medium where changes in their characteristics were evaluated. The results showed limited biodegradation for pristine and UV-aged PE: no morphological, surface chemical or internal changes were observed. Pristine PBAT showed signs of initial biodegradation, while UV-aged PBAT biodegraded by up to 57%. New functional groups appeared on the PBAT surface after UV irradiation according to FTIR analysis and crystallinity increased after biodegradation. Elemental analysis revealed a range of metals in PE and PBAT microplastics. No changes in metal distribution analysed in micro-plastic after UV-aging or biodegradation were found, except that less titanium was present in PBAT after biodegradation indicating potential leaching. None of the PBAT microplastics had ecotoxic effects towards the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Pristine and UV-aged PE showed negative effects on roots, but these were not observed after biodegradation. Low biodegradation of pristine PBAT and possible leaching of metals demonstrated here raise questions about the sustainable use of biodegradable alternatives, especially when they enter non-target environments.
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Magnetohydrodynamics phenomena in continuous casting process under applied electromagnetic braking (EMBr)
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-06-22) Vakhrushev, Alexander; Karimi-Sibaki, Ebrahim; Wu, Menghuai; Al-Nasser, Mohamad; Hackl, Gernot; Tang, Yong; Watzinger, Josef; Boháček, Jan; Kharicha, Abdellah
n the presented work the effects of electromagnetic braking (EMBr) are gathered, exemplifying key magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) phenomena in continuous casting (CC) process. The complex interactions between turbulent liquid metal flows and a direct current (DC) magnetic field through the meso-to-macro scale cascade are reviewed. We analyze MHD influences on different types of melt motion in CC, including jets, recirculation zones, and shear flows, as well as Lorentz force-induced acceleration in stagnant regions. These phenomena result from the distribution of induced electric current lines closing through either the liquid bulk or the semiconducting solidifying shell. The continuously growing shell, formed against the water-cooled copper mold walls, is significantly affected by the hot melt flow patterns. The study highlights practical applications of EMBr to optimize flow dynamics in the CC process, providing insight into improving casting stability and product quality.
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Sustainable air conditioning with a focus on evaporative cooling and the Maisotsenko cycle
(IMP PAN Publishers, 2025-07-03) Pokorný, Jan; Madejski, Pawel; Fišer, Jan
Evaporative cooling can be an answer to the growing global demand for energy efficient and sustainable air conditioning. Direct evaporative cooling is the traditional method of cooling air to wet-bulb temperature. Indirect evaporative cooling uses heat exchangers with wet and dry channels to cool air indirectly, avoiding an increase in humidity. The Maisotsenko cycle is a dew point indirect evaporative cooling that allows air to be cooled below wet-bulb temperature using a heat and mass exchanger with a coupled wet and dry channel. It can be used as a stand-alone system, or as coupled with traditional refrigerantbased cooling systems, or as a heat recovery process to improve the efficiency in the power industry applications. A Pythonbased computational tool for simulating of 1D heat and mass transfer in the Maisotsenko cycle is presented here. It uses a spatially discretised differential equation solver and a psychrometric chart. The 1D model and experimental data from the study of Pakari were used as a reference for the initial testing. The comparison results are promising, suggesting a potential application in the design of sustainable cooling.
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Mathematical modeling of the effect of stent construction during endoluminal IRE for recanalization of an occluded metal stent
(Taylor & Francis, 2025-07-02) Matkulčík, Peter; Hemzal, Martin; Rohan, Tomáš; Červinka, Dalibor; Novotná, Veronika; Nahum Goldberg, Shraga; Andrašina, Tomáš
Background: Intraluminal irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used for recanalizing occluded metalstents. However, optimal IRE parameters for consistent effects across different stent designs remainunclear. The aim of this study was to simulate the process of stent recanalization in silico by employingfinite element analysis. Methods: A virtual model of an occluded biliary stent with an experimental 3-electrode IRE catheter was developed. Electric field distribution, temperature changes, and potential ablation volumes weresimulated across various parameters: IRE voltage (300 1300 V), stent wire width (0.1 0.5 mm) and stentmesh size (0.7 5.58 mm). Simulations incorporated five representative stent types commonly used inclinical practice. 685 unique simulations were conducted, analyzing 1162 unique values. Results: Higher voltages generally led to larger ablation zones and increased temperatures. Thinnerstent wires and larger mesh sizes also increased the extent of ablation zone. While in-stent ablation waslargely independent of stent design, out-of-stent ablation was significantly impacted by mesh size andtissue thickness between the stent and irreversible electroporation electrodes. Voltages above 1000 Vproduced significant thermal effects, with substantial volumes of tissue heated above 50 °C. Specificstent designs exhibited variations in maximum temperature (72.1 83.1 °C) and ablation volume(8.7 14.7 mm3). Conclusion: Tailored IRE protocols for different stent designs are required due to differences in in- andout-stent ablation volumes. High voltages (>1000 V) induce both thermal and nonthermal ablation mechanisms.