Zanikání cest v socialistické krajině česko-rakouského pohraničí a potenciál jejich obnovy
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Date
2024-10-04
Authors
Zavřelová, Jana
ORCID
0000-0003-3013-0693Advisor
Referee
Mark
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Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta stavební
Abstract
Krajina je živý organismus, který se vlivem přírodních a kulturních procesů neustále proměňuje a formuje. Působením člověka je již po tisíce let ovlivňována a změna ve způsobu nakládání s krajinou není tedy nic neobvyklého. Přesto odlišný přístup ke krajině v Evropě po druhé světové válce v rámci rozdělení mocností na tzv. východní a západní blok je markantní. Zatímco demokratické státy do krajinotvorných procesů příliš nezasahovaly, ty socialistické pod vlivem ideologie změnily původní krajiny v nebývalém rozsahu během velmi krátké doby. Hlavním cílem následujícího příspěvku bylo pojmenovat rozdíly v proměně krajiny s důrazem na zanikání cest a celkového rozpadu komunikační sítě mezi lety 1948–1989 na příkladu dvou vybraných katastrů, kdy jeden z nich zůstal osídlený a jeho okolní krajina dál obhospodařována, ten druhý zůstal opuštěný v bezprostřední blízkosti železné opony. Analýza byla provedena na historických mapách stabilního katastru, z historického leteckého snímkování a aktuálních ortofotomap. Zatímco zanikání cest probíhalo v obou případech totožně – zůstaly zachovány nejvýznamnější spojnice a trasy, jemné vlásečnice polních cest a pěšin a přeshraniční cesty téměř bez výjimky zanikly, nové cesty se objevily jen v kontinuálně osídlené lokalitě. Závěr příspěvku je věnován polemice nad nutností navracení cest do krajiny, zvláště těch historických.
The landscape is a living organism, constantly changing due to natural and cultural processes. Human activity has influenced it for thousands of years—from the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, the establishment of settlements, medieval colonization, the Baroque perception of the landscape, to the industrial revolution. Changes in landscape management are thus neither unusual nor exceptional. However, the different approach to the landscape in Europe after World War II, in the context of the division into Eastern and Western blocs, is noteworthy. While democratic states did not interfere much in landscape formation, socialist states, under the influence of ideology and central planning, altered original landscapes to an unprecedented extent in a very short time. The main aim of this paper was to identify differences in landscape transformation, focusing on the disappearance of roads and the overall disintegration of the communication network between 1948 and 1989, using two selected cadasters. One remained inhabited and its surrounding landscape continued to be used for agriculture, while the other remained abandoned near the Iron Curtain. The analysis was based on historical stable cadaster maps, historical aerial photography, and current orthophotos. While the disappearance of roads was similar in both cases—the most important links and routes were preserved—the fine network of dirt roads and footpaths, as well as cross-border routes, almost entirely disappeared. The last part of the paper discusses the necessity of returning roads to the Czech landscape, especially historical ones.
The landscape is a living organism, constantly changing due to natural and cultural processes. Human activity has influenced it for thousands of years—from the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, the establishment of settlements, medieval colonization, the Baroque perception of the landscape, to the industrial revolution. Changes in landscape management are thus neither unusual nor exceptional. However, the different approach to the landscape in Europe after World War II, in the context of the division into Eastern and Western blocs, is noteworthy. While democratic states did not interfere much in landscape formation, socialist states, under the influence of ideology and central planning, altered original landscapes to an unprecedented extent in a very short time. The main aim of this paper was to identify differences in landscape transformation, focusing on the disappearance of roads and the overall disintegration of the communication network between 1948 and 1989, using two selected cadasters. One remained inhabited and its surrounding landscape continued to be used for agriculture, while the other remained abandoned near the Iron Curtain. The analysis was based on historical stable cadaster maps, historical aerial photography, and current orthophotos. While the disappearance of roads was similar in both cases—the most important links and routes were preserved—the fine network of dirt roads and footpaths, as well as cross-border routes, almost entirely disappeared. The last part of the paper discusses the necessity of returning roads to the Czech landscape, especially historical ones.
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Citation
Prostor pro život: cesty. Sborník mezinárodní konference Krajina Sídla Památky 2024, s. 132-139. ISBN 978-80-214-6263-2.
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Peer-reviewed
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cs
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Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/