Hodnocení kvality vstupního polyethylenterftalátu pro výrobu recyklovaného regranulátu potravinářské kvality
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Authors
Snopková, Martina
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A
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Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická
Abstract
Polyethylentereftalát (PET) je široce používaný plast, zejména pro výrobu PET lahví. Odpadní PET lahve však představují riziko pro životní prostředí, pokud se s nimi dobře nenakládá. Vhodným způsobem nakládání s PET lahvemi je recyklace, ideálně jejich zpětná recyklace na PET lahve. Recyklace PET na recyklovaný PET potravinářské kvality se však může potýkat s několika problémy a výsledná kvalita je do značné míry závislá na kvalitě vstupní suroviny: PET vloček. Cílem této práce bylo zhodnotit kvalitu potravinářských PET vloček na trhu EU. Ačkoli kvalita PET vloček již byla předmětem několika vědeckých studií, analýza kvalitativních parametrů PET vloček nebyla nikdy aplikována na tak rozsáhlou oblast, jakou je trh v rámci EU. Rozsáhlá analýza je však nezbytná pro zmapování trendů a případnou optimalizaci kvality. Pro analýzu byl použit materiál z různých oblastí EU shromážděný v průběhu dvou let. Při hodnocení kvality byly použity metody kontroly kvality stanovené v normách EN ISO a interních normách, jakož i spektrofotometrie, infračervená spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformací metodou zeslabeného úplného odrazu (FTIR-ATR) a měření vnitřní viskozity. Hodnotila se vhodnost jednotlivých dodavatelů a trendy napříč dodanými šaržemi. Mezi nejdůležitější zjištění patří (1) obsah ostatních plastů je nejproblematičtějším parametrem kvality PET vloček, (2) ostatní plasty pochází především z lahví a jejich obsah není závislý na systému sběru, (3) vyšší míra degradace PET vloček dodávaných západními výrobci ve srovnání s materiálem od výrobců nacházejících se na východě EU. Byla poskytnuta komplexní analýzu trhu EU a kvalitativních trendů v recyklaci PET lahví v závislosti na zeměpisném umístění a typu sběrného systému. Tyto výsledky budou užitečné nejen pro praxi, ale mohly by být také podnětem pro zlepšení legislativy v oblasti vyhodnocování plastových kontaminantů nebo pro zavádění vhodnějšího designu PET lahví.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic, especially to produce PET bottles. However, waste PET bottles pose an environmental risk if they are not well managed. Recycling is an appropriate way to treat PET bottles, ideally by recycling them back into PET bottles. Nevertheless, recycling PET into food-grade recycled PET is challenging and the resulting quality is heavily dependent on the quality of the feedstock, i.e., the PET flakes. This thesis aimed to evaluate the quality of food-grade PET flakes on the EU market. Although the quality of PET flakes has already been the subject of several scientific studies, the analysis of the qualitive parameters of PET flakes has never been applied to such a large area as is the EU market. However, extensive analysis is essential for trend mapping and possible quality optimisation. For the analysis, material from different areas of the EU collected over a period of two years was used. The quality assessment included the quality control methods set out in EN ISO standards and standard operating procedures (SOPs), as well as spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy – Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and measurement of intrinsic viscosity. The suitability of each supplier and trends across the batches delivered were assessed. The most important findings included (1) other plastics content is the most problematic quality parameter of PET flakes, (2) other plastics content originates mainly from bottles and is independent of the collection system, (3) a higher degradation rate of PET flakes supplied by Western producers compared to the material from producers located in the East of the EU. A comprehensive analysis of the EU market and quality trends in PET bottle recycling by geographical area and type of collection system were provided. These results will not only be useful for practice, but they could also provide an incentive to improve legislation on the assessment of plastic contaminants or the introduction of more appropriate PET bottle design.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic, especially to produce PET bottles. However, waste PET bottles pose an environmental risk if they are not well managed. Recycling is an appropriate way to treat PET bottles, ideally by recycling them back into PET bottles. Nevertheless, recycling PET into food-grade recycled PET is challenging and the resulting quality is heavily dependent on the quality of the feedstock, i.e., the PET flakes. This thesis aimed to evaluate the quality of food-grade PET flakes on the EU market. Although the quality of PET flakes has already been the subject of several scientific studies, the analysis of the qualitive parameters of PET flakes has never been applied to such a large area as is the EU market. However, extensive analysis is essential for trend mapping and possible quality optimisation. For the analysis, material from different areas of the EU collected over a period of two years was used. The quality assessment included the quality control methods set out in EN ISO standards and standard operating procedures (SOPs), as well as spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy – Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and measurement of intrinsic viscosity. The suitability of each supplier and trends across the batches delivered were assessed. The most important findings included (1) other plastics content is the most problematic quality parameter of PET flakes, (2) other plastics content originates mainly from bottles and is independent of the collection system, (3) a higher degradation rate of PET flakes supplied by Western producers compared to the material from producers located in the East of the EU. A comprehensive analysis of the EU market and quality trends in PET bottle recycling by geographical area and type of collection system were provided. These results will not only be useful for practice, but they could also provide an incentive to improve legislation on the assessment of plastic contaminants or the introduction of more appropriate PET bottle design.
Description
Citation
SNOPKOVÁ, M. Hodnocení kvality vstupního polyethylenterftalátu pro výrobu recyklovaného regranulátu potravinářské kvality [online]. Brno: Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická. 2023.
Document type
Document version
Date of access to the full text
Language of document
en
Study field
bez specializace
Comittee
doc. Mgr. Renata Komendová, Ph.D. (člen)
doc. MVDr. Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Ph.D. (člen)
prof. Ing. Tomáš Svěrák, CSc. (člen)
prof. Ing. Jiří Kučerík, Ph.D. (předseda)
doc. Mgr. Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Ph.D. (místopředseda)
dr. Maximilian Meyer (RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau) (člen)
dr. Zacharias Steinmetz (RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau) (člen)
Date of acceptance
2023-05-23
Defence
The student presented the most significant results of her thesis. Afterwards, the reports by the thesis advisor and the thesis reviewer were presented. This was followed by two additional questions from the reviewer. Both questions were answered in detail and to the reviewer’s satisfaction.
The discussion on the thesis followed. Members of the committee asked for example the following questions: What was the diameter of the sampling device? How many contaminants did you find in your samples? How did you evaluate what polymer you found? Can you describe in more detail the measurement principles behind FTIR? What other analytical methods could you use to characterize the quality of your plastics?
During the discussion, the student demonstrated excellent knowledge of the subject, and she answered all questions asked by the committee without hesitation.
Result of defence
práce byla úspěšně obhájena
Document licence
Standardní licenční smlouva - přístup k plnému textu bez omezení