Historická kulturní krajina vysídlených území na Kaplicku
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Date
2023-05-23
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Mark
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Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta stavební
Abstract
Krajina česko-rakouského pohraničí na pomezí Šumavy a Novohradských hor byla od 2. poloviny 13. století až do událostí po druhé světové válce majoritně osídlena německojazyčným obyvatelstvem, po jehož odsunu prošla původně relativně hustě zalidněná oblast turbulentním vývojem. V horizontu několika let se sociodemografické změny zřetelně propsaly do podoby území, ve kterém je tak dnes možné pozorovat hned několik překrývajících se fenoménů, jež společně zachycují proces jeho transformace. Na počátku 50. let zanikla řada sídel v důsledku nízkého počtu nových obyvatel, který byl způsoben nedostatečnou pracovní nabídkou, málo rozvinutou občanskou vybaveností a infrastrukturou, a v neposlední řadě též výstavbou železné opony a s ní spjatým režimem kontroly státní hranice. I přesto se v krajině dochovaly doklady o jejím využívání z doby před odsunem, a to zejména ve formě reliktů staveb, sakrální architektury, cest, mezních pásů, terénních úprav, vodních děl a dalších stop. Ostraha hranice s sebou přinesla další proměnu krajiny, jež měla devastující účinek na kulturní dědictví oblasti, nicméně na druhé straně napomohla k rozvoji cenných přírodních společenstev a k utvoření tzv. Evropského zeleného pásu. Ani po pádu komunismu region zdaleka nedosáhl počtu obyvatel v předválečném období, a tak absence osídlení dále dodává oblasti ojedinělého genia loci. Kulturně-historické hodnoty krajiny ovšem doposud nejsou plošně chráněny a příspěvek proto usiluje o jejich představení a zdůrazňuje nutnost jejich ochrany.
The open landscape of the former district of Kaplice, situated between the Bohemian Forest and Gratzen Mountains on the Czech-Austrian border, has stimulated economic and cultural exchange between the two territories since prehistoric times. From the second half of the 13th century until the events after the Second World War, the region was predominantly inhabited by German-speaking population, but after the displacement the area underwent a turbulent development. Within a few years, socio-demographic changes have got imprinted in the landscape, and today several overlapping phenomena can be observed, which together reflect the process of transformation of the area. At the beginning of the 1950s, many settlements disappeared as a result of under-population and the construction of the Iron Curtain. Nevertheless, there are still remains of the use of the landscape by its former inhabitants, especially in the form of relics of buildings, religious architecture, roads, hedgerows, landscaping, waterworks and other traces. The securing of the national border has brought a further transformation of the landscape, which has had a devastating effect on the cultural heritage, but on the other hand it has helped to develop natural communities that are now protected. Even after the fall of communism, the region has not reached the population of the pre-war period, so the absence of settlement continues to give the area a unique genius loci. However, the cultural and historical values of the landscape are not yet protected on a basis, therefore the paper seeks to introduce the values and emphasises the need to protect them.
The open landscape of the former district of Kaplice, situated between the Bohemian Forest and Gratzen Mountains on the Czech-Austrian border, has stimulated economic and cultural exchange between the two territories since prehistoric times. From the second half of the 13th century until the events after the Second World War, the region was predominantly inhabited by German-speaking population, but after the displacement the area underwent a turbulent development. Within a few years, socio-demographic changes have got imprinted in the landscape, and today several overlapping phenomena can be observed, which together reflect the process of transformation of the area. At the beginning of the 1950s, many settlements disappeared as a result of under-population and the construction of the Iron Curtain. Nevertheless, there are still remains of the use of the landscape by its former inhabitants, especially in the form of relics of buildings, religious architecture, roads, hedgerows, landscaping, waterworks and other traces. The securing of the national border has brought a further transformation of the landscape, which has had a devastating effect on the cultural heritage, but on the other hand it has helped to develop natural communities that are now protected. Even after the fall of communism, the region has not reached the population of the pre-war period, so the absence of settlement continues to give the area a unique genius loci. However, the cultural and historical values of the landscape are not yet protected on a basis, therefore the paper seeks to introduce the values and emphasises the need to protect them.
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Citation
Prostor pro život: Sborník mezinárodní konference Krajina Sídla Památky 2023, s. 18-29. ISBN 978-80-214-6158-1.
https://www.krajinasidlapamatky.cz/
https://www.krajinasidlapamatky.cz/
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Peer-reviewed
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cs
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Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/