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A glance into the boundary lubrication mechanism of PVA hydrogel after the reduction of interstitial fluid pressurization
(2025-08-01) Němeček, Daniel; Nečas, David; Shinmori, Hironori; Yarimitsu, Seido; Marian, Max; Vrbka, Martin; Sawae, Yoshinori; Křupka, Ivan; Hartl, Martin
The present study introduces a tribological comparison of five polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel specimens with different physiological properties and possible candidate materials for cartilage replacement. The superior lubrication of articular cartilage is believed to lie in solid-to-solid molecular interactions. Therefore, the focus was paid to the investigation of boundary lubrication with regard to interstitial fluid flow reduction. The experiments were carried out in a ball-on-plate (glass-on-hydrogel) configuration. Based on the experiments, we proposed a boundary lubrication mechanism, selected a hydrogel with the least surface damage, and highlighted the desired properties that should be considered when developing the artificial cartilage.
Biotribology of Synovial Cartilage: A New Method for Visualization of Lubricating Film and Simultaneous Measurement of the Friction Coefficient
(MDPI, 2020-04-30) Čípek, Pavel; Vrbka, Martin; Rebenda, David; Nečas, David; Křupka, Ivan
A healthy natural synovial joint is very important for painless active movement of the natural musculoskeletal system. The right functioning of natural synovial joints ensures well lubricated contact surfaces with a very low friction coefficient and wear of cartilage tissue. The present paper deals with a new method for visualization of lubricating film with simultaneous measurements of the friction coefficient. This can contribute to better understanding of lubricating film formation in a natural synovial joint. A newly developed device, a reciprocating tribometer, is used to allow for simultaneous measurement of friction forces with contact visualization by fluorescence microscopy. The software allowing for snaps processing and subsequent evaluation of fluorescence records is developed. The evaluation software and the follow-up evaluation procedure are also described. The experiments with cartilage samples and model synovial fluid are carried out, and the new software is applied to provide their evaluation. The primary results explaining a connection between lubrication and friction are presented. The results show a more significant impact of albumin proteins on the lubrication process, whereas its clusters create a more stable lubrication layer. A decreasing trend of protein cluster count, which corresponds to a decrease in the thickness of the lubrication film, is found in all experiments. The results highlight a deeper connection between the cartilage friction and the lubrication film formation, which allows for better understanding of the cartilage lubrication mechanism.
The effect of synovial fluid composition, speed and load on frictional behaviour of articular cartilage
(MDPI, 2020-03-15) Nečas, David; Rebenda, David; Čípek, Pavel; Vrbka, Martin; Křupka, Ivan; Hartl, Martin
Articular cartilage ensures smooth motion of natural synovial joints operating at very low friction. However, number of patients suffering from joint diseases, usually associated with cartilage degradation, continuously increases. Therefore, an understanding of cartilage tribological behaviour is of great interest in order to minimize its degradation, preserving the reliable function of the joints. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive comparison of frictional behaviour of articular cartilage, focusing on the effect of synovial fluid composition (i), speed (ii), and load (iii). The experiments were realized using pin-on-plate tribometer with reciprocating motion. The articular cartilage pin was loaded against smooth glass plate while the tests consisted of loading and unloading phases in order to enable cartilage rehydration. Various model fluids containing albumin, -globulin, hyaluronic acid, and phospholipids were prepared in two different concentrations simulating physiologic and osteoarthritic synovial fluid. Two different speeds, 5 mm/s and 10 mm/s were applied and the tests were carried out under 5 N and 10 N. It was found that protein based solutions exhibit nearly no difference in friction coefficient, independently of the concentration of the constituents. However, the behaviour is considerably changed when adding hyaluronic acid and phospholipids. Especially when interacting with -globulin, friction coefficient decreased substantially. In general, an important role of the interaction of fluid constituents was observed. On the other hand, a limited effect of speed was detected for most of the model fluids. Finally, it was shown that elevated load leads to lower friction which well corresponds to previous observations. Further study should concentrate on specific explored phenomena focusing on the detailed statistical evaluation.
On the Temperature and Lubricant Film Thickness Distribution in EHL Contacts with Arbitrary Entrainment
(MDPI, 2018-11-15) Omasta, Milan; Adam, Jakub; Šperka, Petr; Křupka, Ivan; Hartl, Martin
An understanding of mechanisms which are responsible for elastohydrodynamic lubricant film formation under high sliding conditions is necessary to increase durability of machine parts. This work combines thin-film colorimetric interferometry for lubricant film thickness measurement and infrared microscopy for in-depth temperature mapping through the contact. The results describe the effect of operating conditions such as speed, slide-to-roll ratio, ambient temperature, and sliding direction on lubricant film thickness and temperature distribution. Film thickness data shows how much the film shape is sensitive to operating conditions when thermal effects are significant, while the temperature profiles provides an explanation of this behavior.
Effect of Process Parameters and High-Temperature Preheating on Residual Stress and Relative Density of Ti6Al4V Processed by Selective Laser Melting
(MDPI, 2019-03-20) Malý, Martin; Höller, Christian; Skalon, Mateusz; Meier, Benjamin; Koutný, Daniel; Pichler, Rudolf; Sommitsch, Christof; Paloušek, David
The aim of this study is to observe the effect of process parameters on residual stresses and relative density of Ti6Al4V samples produced by Selective Laser Melting. The investigated parameters were hatch laser power, hatch laser velocity, border laser velocity, high-temperature preheating and time delay. Residual stresses were evaluated by the bridge curvature method and relative density by the optical method. The effect of the observed process parameters was estimated by the design of experiment and surface response methods. It was found that for an effective residual stress reduction, the high preheating temperature was the most significant parameter. High preheating temperature also increased the relative density but caused changes in the chemical composition of Ti6Al4V unmelted powder. Chemical analysis proved that after one build job with high preheating temperature, oxygen and hydrogen content exceeded the ASTM B348 limits for Grade 5 titanium.

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