Voda v dějinách zahradního umění
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Kupka, Jiří
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Mark
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Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta stavební
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Voda ve svých různých podobách tvořila historicky – společně s vegetací – jeden ze základních kompozičních prvků zahradní tvorby. Motiv vody v zahradách tak odráží širší vývoj okrasné zahrady jak z hlediska formy, tak funkce. Je to dáno také tím, že voda nese bohatou a mnohovrstevnatou symboliku, zakořeněnou jak v antické tradici, tak v křesťanství, která již po staletí prostupuje zahradní architekturou. I v biblické Zahradě Eden, jak je popsána v knize Genesis, hraje voda ústřední roli – z ráje vytéká řeka, která jej zavlažuje. Tato představa se odráží i v podobě středověkého rajského dvora, kde čtyři řeky symbolizují čtyři světové strany rozdělující posvátný prostor zahrady. Voda je spojována se životem, plodností, mládím a vitalitou. Uhasí žízeň, očišťuje, smývá hřích, obnovuje, hasí ničivý oheň, oplodňuje půdu a umožňuje růst. Mimo svou symbolickou a praktickou funkci je voda také silným estetickým prvkem, který stimuluje smysly – zejména zrak a sluch – a ovlivňuje mikroklima regulací vlhkosti, teploty a kvality vzduchu, čímž přispívá k vytváření příjemného klimatu. To vysvětluje její rozmanité podoby v zahradních kompozicích – ať už statické, jako jsou kanály, nádrže, jezera, rybníky či bazény, nebo dynamické, jako řeky, potoky, peřeje, kaskády, vodopády, fontány či hravé vodní prvky.
Water, in its various forms, has historically constituted – alongside vegetation – one of the fundamental compositional elements of garden design. The motif of water in gardens thus reflects the broader evolution of the ornamental garden in terms of both form and function. This is also due to the fact that water possesses a rich and multilayered symbolism, rooted in both classical antiquity and Christian tradition, which has long permeated garden architecture. Even in the Garden of Eden, as described in the Book of Genesis, water plays a central role: a river flows from it to irrigate the garden. This imagery is echoed in the design of medieval hortus conclusus, where the four rivers symbolize the four cardinal paths dividing the sacred garden space. Water is associated with life, fertility, youth, and vitality. It quenches thirst, purifies, washes away sin, renews, extinguishes destructive fire, fertilizes the land, and enables growth. Beyond its symbolic and functional roles, water is also an aesthetically powerful design element that stimulates the senses – sight and hearing in particular – and influences the microclimate by regulating humidity, temperature, and air quality, thereby contributing to the creation of climatically comfortable environments. This explains its diverse manifestations in garden compositions, whether static – such as canals, basins, lakes, ponds, or pools – or dynamic – such as rivers, streams, rapids, cascades, waterfalls, fountains, or playful water features.
Water, in its various forms, has historically constituted – alongside vegetation – one of the fundamental compositional elements of garden design. The motif of water in gardens thus reflects the broader evolution of the ornamental garden in terms of both form and function. This is also due to the fact that water possesses a rich and multilayered symbolism, rooted in both classical antiquity and Christian tradition, which has long permeated garden architecture. Even in the Garden of Eden, as described in the Book of Genesis, water plays a central role: a river flows from it to irrigate the garden. This imagery is echoed in the design of medieval hortus conclusus, where the four rivers symbolize the four cardinal paths dividing the sacred garden space. Water is associated with life, fertility, youth, and vitality. It quenches thirst, purifies, washes away sin, renews, extinguishes destructive fire, fertilizes the land, and enables growth. Beyond its symbolic and functional roles, water is also an aesthetically powerful design element that stimulates the senses – sight and hearing in particular – and influences the microclimate by regulating humidity, temperature, and air quality, thereby contributing to the creation of climatically comfortable environments. This explains its diverse manifestations in garden compositions, whether static – such as canals, basins, lakes, ponds, or pools – or dynamic – such as rivers, streams, rapids, cascades, waterfalls, fountains, or playful water features.
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Prostor pro život: voda. Sborník mezinárodní konference Krajina Sídla Památky 2025, s. 82-93. ISBN 978-80-214-6354-7. ISSN 3029-8245.
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