Unraveling Sodium Storage Mechanisms in Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Sodium batteries have become a promising alternative to lithium-ion systems due to the abundance and low cost of sodium sources. However, understanding the basic mechanisms of sodium storage in carbon anodes remains crucial for improving their electrochemical performance. This study investigates the sodium storage behavior in hard carbon and anthracite anodes, focusing on the mechanisms of intercalation, adsorption and pore filling. The findings provide valuable insights for the optimization of carbon anodes for high -capacity and high performance sodium batteries with long cycling life.