Optimization of Spray Drying Synthesis of LiFePO4: Effects of Calcination and Doping on Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties

Abstract

Lithium-iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to thermal stability, environmental safety and low production cost . However, its practical application is limited by low electronic conductivity and low energy density. To enhance its electrochemical performance, various synthesis techniques , such as spray drying synthesis are being investigated to control the particle size, morphology and uniform particle distribution. Subsequent calcination significantly affects the crystallinity, phase purity, and overall electrochemical performance of the material . Additional doping with elements such as manganese or nickel can increase the energy capacity and electro chemical properties while maintaining the advantage of long-term stability.