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Exploring AI Adoption Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Czech Chemical SMEs: A Pilot Study Perspective
(University of Pardubice, 2024-04-01) Hrubý, Vojtěch
This article outlines a pilot study aimed at exploring the influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption and firm performance within Czech chemical SMEs. With dual aims, the study first evaluates the feasibility of the main research design and secondly develops and validates an innovative instrument for measuring AI adoption. Through a quantitative survey, 107 Czech chemical SMEs were engaged, focusing on the practicality of research methodologies and the initial testing of measurement tools, especially for AI adoption. Despite a modest response rate, the study met its methodological objectives, offering insights into AI integration and EO's complexity within the sector. The initial findings hint at the need for broader engagement strategies in the subsequent study, reflecting the challenges of researching niche markets. Significantly, the creation of the AI adoption tool marks a considerable advancement, addressing a gap in existing research tools. This study not only underscores the importance of pilot testing in social sciences, especially within specialized sectors, but also its findings and methodologies serve as a blueprint for future research, emphasizing the adaptation of strategies to industry-specific and geographical peculiarities. By establishing a methodological foundation for in-depth future research, this pilot study promises enhanced understanding of EO's impact on AI adoption strategies and performance outcomes in the Czech chemical industry, directly addressing a critical research gap.
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INFLUENCING ESG PERCEPTION IN SMES THROUGH CSR, BUSINESS ETHICS, AND HRM: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN V4 COUNTRIES
(EDITURA ASE, 2024-04-01) Belás, Jaroslav; Balcerzak, Adam Przemyslaw; Dvorský, Jan; Streimikis, Justas
The aim of the paper is to define the important factors of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Business Ethics (BE), and Human Resource Management (HRM), and to quantify their impact on the formation of positive attitudes of SMEs towards the concept of Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) and its acceptance. To support the achievement of this goal, empirical research was conducted in the Visegrad Group (V4 countries) with a sample of 1,056 respondents in March 2024. The defined scientific hypotheses were verified through the Ordered Least Model (OLM). The research results indicate the following trends. Selected factors from CSR, BE, and HRM demonstrated an influence on shaping the positive attitudes of SMEs toward understanding and accepting the ESG concept. Empirical research confirmed that the CSR domain significantly influences the positive approach of SMEs towards ESG. This study in the HRM field emphasises the importance of a participatory leadership style for employees. This approach, among other benefits, contributes to a positive attitude of SMEs towards understanding and accepting the ESG concept. Planning the qualification and career growth of employees does not represent significant factors in shaping the positive stance of SMEs towards ESG. SMEs' attitudes in the BE field clearly indicate that a consistent approach by managers in implementing anti-corruption measures shapes the right approaches of SMEs towards ESG. On the other hand, the formal declaration of applying BE in the activities of SMEs and the existence of a moral code do not positively influence the perception on ESG.
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Innovative approach for quantitative determination of ingested microplastics by Daphnia magna: use of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry
(Springer Nature, 2024-04-08) Procházková, Petra; Kalčíková, Gabriela; Maršálková, Eliška; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena; Kučerík, Jiří
Due to the serious environmental impacts of plastic pollution, some conventional plastics have been replaced with biodegradable alternatives. However, these biodegradable options can also fragment and form microplastics, which can be ingested by and harm various biota. The standard methods for quantifying ingested microplastics involve digestion of the gut or the whole organism using acidic, alkaline, or oxidative processes. However, these aggressive methods may destroy biodegradable microplastics, leading to erroneous results. Therefore, in this study, we employed thermal analysis methods, specifically differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG), to quantify the ingestion of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB), a biodegradable microplastic, by the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna. During chronic experiments, we analysed organisms exposed to P3HB with sizes smaller than 125 and 63 m, at concentrations ranging from 1.56–25 mg L1. DSC identified an endothermic peak associated with the melting of semicrystalline P3HB, and its enthalpies were utilised to compute the number/mass of P3HB ingested by D. magna. Notably, shifts in melting points suggested that higher concentrations induced particle agglomeration, and these agglomerates could not penetrate deeply into the organism. The TG approach involved subtracting the mass loss between 200 and 400 °C in D. magna specimens exposed to P3HB suspensions from controls without P3HB exposure. Both methods provided comparable data, revealing that, depending on particle size, individual D. magna ingested up to 10% of their body mass. Our findings indicate that both methods effectively detect P3HB (and potentially other plastic fragments), with DSC demonstrating better sensitivity. While the suggested approach did not enable us to calculate the level of determination or quantification, we were able to demonstrate that DSC can detect P3HB in only one specimen of D. magna exposed to the lowest suspension concentration. This indicates that D. magna exposed to the 63 m fraction ingested approximately 3 g of P3HB, whereas those exposed to the 125 m P3HB ingested around 4 g of P3HB. The introduced methods expand the possibilities for detecting ingested microplastics and probably also nanoplastics, in zooplankton and possibly also other species.
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Z3-Noodler: An Automata-based String Solver
(Springer Verlag, 2024-04-04) Chen, Yu-Fang; Chocholatý, David; Havlena, Vojtěch; Holík, Lukáš; Lengál, Ondřej; Síč, Juraj
Z3-Noodler is a fork of Z3 that replaces its string theory solver with a custom solver implementing the recently introduced stabilization-based algorithm for solving word equations with regular constraints. An extensive experimental evaluation shows that Z3-Noodler is a fully-fledged solver that can compete with state-of-the-art solvers, surpassing them by far on many benchmarks. Moreover, it is often complementary to other solvers, making it a suitable choice as a candidate to a solver portfolio.
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Security Implications of Deepfakes in Face Authentication
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2024-04-08) Šalko, Milan; Firc, Anton; Malinka, Kamil
Deepfakes are media generated by deep learning and are nearly indistinguishable from real content to humans. Deepfakes have seen a significant surge in popularity in recent years. There have been numerous papers discussing their effectiveness in deceiving people. What's equally, if not more concerning, is the potential vulnerability of facial and voice recognition systems to deepfakes. The misuse of deepfakes to spoof automated facial recognition systems can threaten various aspects of our lives, including financial security and access to secure locations. This issue remains largely unexplored. Thus, this paper investigates the technical feasibility of a spoofing attack on facial recognition. Firstly, we perform a threat analysis to understand what facial recognition use cases allow the execution of deepfake spoofing attacks. Based on this analysis, we define the attacker model for these attacks on facial recognition systems. Then, we demonstrate the ability of deepfakes to spoof two commercial facial recognition systems. Finally, we discuss possible means to prevent such spoofing attacks.