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Human Primary Monocytes as a Model for in vitro Immunotoxicity Testing: Evaluation of the Regulatory Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles
(DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD, 2025-01-30) Švadláková, Tereza; Koláčková, Martina; Kulich, Pavel; Kotouček, Jan; Rosecká, Michaela; Krejsek, Jan; Fiala, Zdeněk; Andrýs, Ctirad
Introduction: A critical step preceding the potential biomedical application of nanoparticles is the evaluation of their immunomodulatory effects. Such nanoparticles are expected to enter the bloodstream where they can be recognized and processed by circulating monocytes. Despite the required biocompatibility, this interaction can affect intracellular homeostasis and modulate physiological functions, particularly inflammation. This study focuses on titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an example of relatively low cytotoxic nanoparticles with potential biomedical use and aims to evaluate their possible modulatory effects on the inflammasome-based response in human primary monocytes. Methods: Monocyte viability, phenotypic changes, and cytokine production were determined after exposure to TiO2 (diameter, 25 nm; P25) alone. In the case of the modulatory effects, we focused on NLRP3 activation. The production of IL-1(3 and IL-10 was evaluated after (a) simultaneous activation of monocytes with bacterial stimuli muramyl dipeptide (MDP), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and TiO2 (co-exposure model), (b) prior activation with TiO2 alone and subsequent exposure to bacterial stimuli MDP or LPS. The differentiation of TiO2-treated monocytes into macrophages and their polarization were also assessed. Results: The selected TiO2 concentration range (30-120 mu g/mL) did not induce any significant cytotoxic effects. The highest dose of TiO2 promoted monocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages, with the M2 subset being the most prevalent. Nanoparticles alone did not induce substantial production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1(3, IL-6, or TNF-alpha. The immunomodulatory effect on NLRP3 depended on the type of costimulant used. While co-exposure of monocytes to MDP and TiO2 boosted NLRP3 activity, coexposure to LPS and TiO2 inhibited NLRP3 by enhancing IL-10 release. The inhibitory effect of TiO2 on NLRP3 based on the promotion of IL-10 was confirmed in a post-exposure model for both costimulants. Conclusion: This study confirmed a non-negligible modulatory effect on primary monocytes in their inflammasome-based response and differentiation ability.
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Identical Fe-N4 Sites with Different Reactivity: Elucidating the Effect of Support Curvature
(AMER CHEMICAL SOC, 2025-01-29) Jakub, Zdeněk; Planer, Jakub; Hrůza, Dominik; Trllová Shahsavar, Azin; Pavelec, Jiří; Čechal, Jan
Detailed atomic-scale understanding is a crucial prerequisite for rational design of next-generation single-atom catalysts (SACs). However, the sub-& aring;ngstrom precision needed for systematic studies is challenging to achieve on common SACs. Here, we present a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic system featuring Fe-N4 single-atom sites, where the metal-organic structure is modulated by 0.4 & Aring; corrugation of an inert graphene/Ir(111) support. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory, we show that the support corrugation significantly affects the reactivity of the system, as the sites above the support "valleys" bind TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane) significantly stronger than the sites above the "hills". The experimental temperature stability of TCNQ varies by more than 60 degrees C, while computations indicate more than 0.3 eV variation of TCNQ adsorption energy across the Fe-N4 sites placed atop different regions of the corrugated graphene unit cell. The origin of this effect is steric hindrance, which plays a role whenever large molecules interact with neighboring single-atom catalyst sites or when multiple reactants coadsorb on such sites. Our work demonstrates that such effects can be quantitatively studied using model SAC systems supported on chemically inert and physically corrugated supports.
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Light-Programmable g-C3N4 Microrobots with Negative Photogravitaxis for Photocatalytic Antibiotic Degradation
(AAAS, 2025-01-28) Yuan, Yunhuan; Wu, Xianghua; Kalleshappa, Bindu; Pumera, Martin
Microrobots enhance contact with pollutants through their movement and flow-induced mixing, substantially improving wastewater treatment efficiency beyond traditional diffusion-limited methods. g-C3N4 is an affordable and environmentally friendly photocatalyst that has been extensively researched in various fields such as biomedicine and environmental remediation. However, compared to other photocatalytic materials like TiO2 and ZnO, which are widely used in the fabrication of micro- and nanorobots, research on g-C3N4 for these applications is still in its early stages. This work presents microrobots entirely based on g-C3N4 microtubes, which can initiate autonomous movement when exposed to ultraviolet and visible light. We observed distinct motion behaviors of the microrobots under light irradiation of different wavelengths. Specifically, under ultraviolet light, the microrobots exhibit negative photogravitaxis, while under visible light, they demonstrate a combination of 3-dimensional motion and 2-dimensional motion. Therefore, the wavelength of the light can be used for programming the motion style of the microrobots and subsequently their application. We show that the microrobots can effectively degrade the antibiotic tetracycline, displaying their potential for antibiotic removal. This exploration of autonomous motion behaviors under different wavelength conditions helps to expand research on g-C3N4-based microrobots and their potential for environmental remediation.
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Adaptability of Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers in Bone Tissue Engineering
(MDPI, 2025-01-25) Havlíková, Tereza; Papež, Nikola; Fohlerová, Zdenka; Kaspar, Pavel; Dallaev, Rashid; Částková, Klára; Ţălu, Ştefan
This study focused on the development of a suitable synthetic polymer scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications within the biomedical field. The investigation centered on electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers, examining their intrinsic properties and biocompatibility with the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. The influence of oxygen, argon, or combined plasma treatment on the scaffold’s characteristics was explored. A comprehensive design strategy is outlined for the fabrication of a suitable PVDF scaffold, encompassing the optimization of electrospinning parameters with rotating collector and plasma etching conditions to facilitate a subsequent osteoblast cell culture. The proposed methodology involves the fabrication of the PVDF tissue scaffold, followed by a rigorous series of fundamental analyses encompassing the structural integrity, chemical composition, wettability, crystalline phase content, and cell adhesion properties.
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Marathon Running: A narrative Review
(Springer Nature, 2025-01-27) Braschler, Lorin; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Thuany, Mabliny; Chlíbková, Daniela; Rosemann, Thomas; Weiss, Katja; Wilhelm, Matthias; Knechtle, Beat
Marathon training and running have many beneficial effects on human health and physical fitness; however, they also pose risks. To date, no comprehensive review regarding both the benefits and risks of marathon running on different organ systems has been published.