Starý obchodní dům Breda
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Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury
Abstract
Diplomová práce se zabývá, jak už sám název napovídá, bývalým obchodním domem, nyní zvaným „Stará/ý Breda“, který byl vybudován v roce 1927-28 v tehdejším hlavním městě rakouského Slezska, tedy v Opavě. Obchodní dům je architektonickým skvostem, jiný obchodní dům tohoto typu v celém bývalém Československu budete hledat jen stěží. Již v roce 1972 byl prohlášen za kulturní památku. My ho dnes můžeme chápat jako vcelku přesné svědectví o tom, čím město Opava bylo před sto lety, jak se postupně měnilo a čím je dnes. Budova a její osud je také pro samotné Opavany aktuálně velmi řešeným tématem, jelikož se každému ve spojitosti s domem vybaví příjemné pocity a vzpomínky na zážitek nakupování v jeho prostorách. Lidmi často skloňovaným je pak v této souvislosti centrální prostor pod kopulí prosvětlený sklobetonovými tvárnicemi. Spolu s vitrážemi, nasvícenými vitrínami a s vrzajícími dřevěnými stupni velkého schodiště nabízí návštěvníkům opravdu jedinečnou atmosféru a zážitek. Důvod, proč v každém člověku budova samotná zanechá silnou stopu nostalgie je zcela zjevný a nesporný. Jedná se o stavbu nesmírné architektonické kvality, kterou zde slezský rodák z Krnova, známý jako vídeňský architekt Leopold Bauer, zdejším lidem skrze jeho tvorbu dopřává. Ačkoliv není pochyb, že byl Bauer ve svém oboru géniem, o čemž jsem se mohla v rámci své práce a výzkumu stále znova přesvědčovat, nesmíme opomenout fakt, že realizace byla možná jen a pouze díky bohatství a iniciativě Davida Weinsteina, obchodníkovi a majiteli společnosti Breda&Weinstein. Ten si však budovu a její slávu moc dlouho neužil, když vezmeme v potaz místo, kontext, dobu a fakt, že byl Weinstein židovského původu. Krutý osud tak postihl jeho rodinu, stejně tak jako tehdy téměř všechny Židy (nejen) v Opavě. V roce 1945 pak Opava při Ostravsko-opavské operaci téměř celá lehla popelem a po válce zde zase byli přítěží Němci, kteří měli být úplně odsunuti z Československa. V tu dobu byl dům označen za německý, protože Breda s Weinsteinem přeci mluvili německy. Následovala tak privatizace a s tím spjaté další změny v majetkových, ale i dispozičních záležitostech budovy. V roce 1994 ke všemu tomu neštěstí budovu získal „v akci“ místní podnikal Kolek, což pro Bredu znamenalo cestu do úplné záhuby, postupně se stala tržnicí a skladištěm levného zboží, byla svědkem různých absurdit spojených s 90. léty a začátkem nového tisíciletí. Dokonce zde vznikl i požár, kvůli kterému jinak světlý beton kopule zčernal. Od roku 2012, kdy byl dům uzavřen a odstaven mimo provoz, už jen chátral. Také se ocitl v insolvenčním řízení. V očích a srdcích hrdých Opavanů však budova stále zanechává silné uznání a pocity, které nedovolily nechat budovu ladem, lidé vytvářeli dlouho takový nátlak na politiky z města, až se během mé předdiplomové práce, v prosinci 2021 schválilo odkoupení budovy na zasedání zastupitelstva. Tento krok však otevřel další a další otázky a problémy. Nikdo totiž neví, co teď. Chybí záměr. Jen je jasné, že rekonstrukce bude velmi finančně náročná. Svou prací založenou na analýzách z minulého semestru a na prostudování podkladů dostupných výzkumů, se snažím městu ukázat, jak by s budovou mohlo naložit.
ABSTRACT The diploma thesis project deals, as its name suggests, with a former department store, so called „The old Breda“, which was built between 1927-28 in the then capital of Austrian Silesia, the Opava City. The department store is an architectural masterpiece, you will hardly find another department store of this kind in the whole of former Czechoslovakia. In 1972, it was declared a cultural monument. Today, we can understand it as an accurate testimony to what the city of Opava was a hundred years ago, how it has gradually changed and what it is like today. The building and its fate is also a frequently mentioned topic for the Opavans themselves, as the building itself reminds them of pleasant feelings and memories of the experience of its space. In this context, the central space under the dome, illuminated by glass-concrete blocks, is often inflected by people. Together with stained glass windows, lighted display cases and the creaking wooden steps of a large staircase, it offers visitors a truly unique atmosphere and moment. The reason why the building itself leaves a strong trace of nostalgia in each person is quite obvious and indisputable. It is a building of immense architectural quality, which the Silesian native from Krnov, known as the Viennese architect Leopold Bauer, offers to the local people through his work. Although there is no doubt that Bauer was a genius in his field, which I was able to see again and again during my research, we must not forget the fact that the whole project was possible to happen only thanks to the wealth and initiative of David Weinstein, businessman and owner of Breda & Weinstein company. However, Weinstein did not enjoy the building and its fame for very long and if you look at the time, the place and context and the fact that Weinstein was of Jewish descent, you will find out the reason why. The cruel fate thus befell his family, as did almost all Jews at the time (not only) in Opava. In 1945, during the Ostrava-Opava operation, Opava was almost completely reduced to ashes, and after the war, there were this time Germans who were to be completely expelled from Czechoslovakia. At that time, the building was called German because Breda and Weinstein spoke German. This was followed by privatization and the associated further changes in the property and also layout of the building. In 1994, in addition to the misfortune, the building was acquired „for sale“ by the local bussinesman Kolek, which meant a way to Breda to complete destruction. There was even a fire, which blackened the dome‘s otherwise light concrete. Since 2012, when the house was closed and taken out of operation, it has only fallen into disrepair. It was also in insolvency proceedings. However, in the eyes and hearts of the proud Opavans, the building still leaves strong recognition and feelings that did not allow the building to be abandoned, people put pressure on the politicians from the city for a long time, until in December 2021 the ciity approved the purchase of the building. However, this step opened up more and more questions and problems. Nobody knows what to do now. There is no intention. It is only clear that the reconstruction will be very costly. With my work based on analyzes from the last semester and studying the data of available research, I try to show the city how it could handle the building.
ABSTRACT The diploma thesis project deals, as its name suggests, with a former department store, so called „The old Breda“, which was built between 1927-28 in the then capital of Austrian Silesia, the Opava City. The department store is an architectural masterpiece, you will hardly find another department store of this kind in the whole of former Czechoslovakia. In 1972, it was declared a cultural monument. Today, we can understand it as an accurate testimony to what the city of Opava was a hundred years ago, how it has gradually changed and what it is like today. The building and its fate is also a frequently mentioned topic for the Opavans themselves, as the building itself reminds them of pleasant feelings and memories of the experience of its space. In this context, the central space under the dome, illuminated by glass-concrete blocks, is often inflected by people. Together with stained glass windows, lighted display cases and the creaking wooden steps of a large staircase, it offers visitors a truly unique atmosphere and moment. The reason why the building itself leaves a strong trace of nostalgia in each person is quite obvious and indisputable. It is a building of immense architectural quality, which the Silesian native from Krnov, known as the Viennese architect Leopold Bauer, offers to the local people through his work. Although there is no doubt that Bauer was a genius in his field, which I was able to see again and again during my research, we must not forget the fact that the whole project was possible to happen only thanks to the wealth and initiative of David Weinstein, businessman and owner of Breda & Weinstein company. However, Weinstein did not enjoy the building and its fame for very long and if you look at the time, the place and context and the fact that Weinstein was of Jewish descent, you will find out the reason why. The cruel fate thus befell his family, as did almost all Jews at the time (not only) in Opava. In 1945, during the Ostrava-Opava operation, Opava was almost completely reduced to ashes, and after the war, there were this time Germans who were to be completely expelled from Czechoslovakia. At that time, the building was called German because Breda and Weinstein spoke German. This was followed by privatization and the associated further changes in the property and also layout of the building. In 1994, in addition to the misfortune, the building was acquired „for sale“ by the local bussinesman Kolek, which meant a way to Breda to complete destruction. There was even a fire, which blackened the dome‘s otherwise light concrete. Since 2012, when the house was closed and taken out of operation, it has only fallen into disrepair. It was also in insolvency proceedings. However, in the eyes and hearts of the proud Opavans, the building still leaves strong recognition and feelings that did not allow the building to be abandoned, people put pressure on the politicians from the city for a long time, until in December 2021 the ciity approved the purchase of the building. However, this step opened up more and more questions and problems. Nobody knows what to do now. There is no intention. It is only clear that the reconstruction will be very costly. With my work based on analyzes from the last semester and studying the data of available research, I try to show the city how it could handle the building.
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Citation
MLÝNKOVÁ, P. Starý obchodní dům Breda [online]. Brno: Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury. .
Document type
Document version
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Language of document
cs
Study field
bez specializace
Comittee
Doc. Ing. arch. Peter Daniel, Art.D. (předseda)
Ing. arch. Dušan Vostrejž (člen)
Ing. Marek Dostál (člen)
Ing. Petr Jalůvka (člen)
MArch. Zdeněk Liška (člen)
Date of acceptance
Defence
- studentka věcně odprezentovala výsledek své diplomové práce
- zadáním bylo prověřit možnosti obnovy stávající budovy obchodního domu Breda
- od širších souvislostí a teoretických východisek, přes analýzu názorně prezentovala výsledek svého bádání
- otázky oponenta zodpověděla
- otázky komise zodpověděla
Result of defence
práce byla úspěšně obhájena
Document licence
Standardní licenční smlouva - přístup k plnému textu bez omezení