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Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Triphasic synthesis of MXenes with uniform and controlled halogen terminations(Springer Nature, 2026-01-19) Li, Dongqi; Zheng, Wenhao; Ghorbani-Asl, Mahdi; Scheiter, Juliane; Sobczak, Kamil; Kretschmer, Silvan; Polčák, Josef; Jadhao, Pranjali Hirasing; Michalowski, Pawel P.; Yu, Ruoling; Zhang, Jiaxu; Liu, Jinxin; Du, Jingwei; Guo, Quanquan; Zschech, Ehrenfried; Šikola, Tomáš; Bonn, Mischa; Perez, Nicolas; Nielsch, Kornelius; Krasheninnikov, Arkady V.; Wang, Hai I.; Yu, Minghao; Feng, XinliangSurface terminations critically govern the properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), yet a universal strategy to obtain MXenes with uniform and controllable terminations remains elusive. Here we introduce a 'gas-liquid-solid' triphasic etching strategy that employs iodine vapour, halide molten salts and MAX phases to produce MXenes with pure and precisely tunable halogen terminations (Cl, Br, I or their combinations). In this process, halide molten salts dissolve iodine via interhalogen anion formation while efficiently transporting etching by-products. The resulting MXenes retain excellent structural integrity, yielding uniformly ordered surfaces. As a representative example, Ti3C2Cl2 shows a 160-fold enhancement in macroscopic conductivity and a 13-fold enhancement in terahertz conductivity relative to conventional Cl/O-terminated Ti3C2, attributed to minimized electron trapping and scattering. Beyond single-halogen terminations, the gas-liquid-solid approach enables dual- and triple-halogen termination control, providing a general platform for tailoring MXene surface chemistry towards advanced (opto)electronic applications.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Thermally and Light-Induced Spin-Crossover in Iron(III) Complexes with Benzophenone-Based Saltrien Ligands: Hysteresis, Two-Step Transitions, and the LIESST Effect(American Chemical Society, 2026-01-12) Pogány, Lukáš; Kotrle, Kamil; Nemec, Ivan; Moncol, Ján; Mazúr, Milan; Šalitroš, IvanThe synthesis and characterization of four new iron(III) coordination compounds with saltrien-like hexadentate Schiff base ligands L n , prepared by condensation between triethylenetetramine and 2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzophenone (L1, C1-C3) or 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzophenone (L2, C4), are reported. The complexes [Fe(L n )]XmCH3CN (X = SeCN- for C1 and C4, SCN- for C2 and BPh4 - for C3, m = 0 for C3, m = 1 for C1 and C4, m = 2 for C2) were structurally characterized, and their spin-crossover (SCO) was monitored by magnetic measurements, X-ray powder diffraction analysis, and EPR spectroscopy. Intermolecular interactions relevant to SCO were analyzed through Hirshfeld surface maps and QT-AIM calculations. All compounds exhibit SCO above room temperature in their solvated forms, and ab initio calculations were employed to probe their electronic structures. While the computed 2 T 2g-6 A 1g gaps and 10Dq energies are consistent across the whole series, the experimental T 1/2 values do not directly reflect these energy differences. Instead, SCO is predominantly controlled by crystal packing effects, including intermolecular connectivity, internal pressure, lattice rigidity, and solvation. Upon heating, solvent removal in C1 and C2 shifts their SCO to below room-temperature. The desolvated compounds C1d and C2d exhibit sharp SCO with wide hysteresis, while C2d additionally features a second gradual step (C1d: T 1/2 = 82 K/166 K; C2d: T(1)1/2 = 170 K/153 K, T(2)1/2 = 110 K). Furthermore, both compounds are LIESST active upon blue light irradiation (T(LIESST)=57 K for C1d and 36 K for C2d). These results underscore the crucial role of ligand flexibility, solvation, and intermolecular interactions on SCO and highlight the potential of these iron(III) complexes in molecular switching applications.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Energy dissipation analysis of contact / impact of deformable bodies using numerical modelling(MDPI, 2026-01-31) Holiš, Ondřej; Dvořák, Tomáš; Koiš, Matej; Němec, Ivan; Trcala, Miroslav; Vala, JiříThe numerical analysis of dissipative energy in dynamic problems involving 1 impact and contact phenomena relies on the physical principles of classical thermodynamics and on the constitutive equations of the material, supplemented by some additional considerations on potential contact interfaces. From the mathematical point of view, we come to a weak form of partial differential equation(s) of evolution with initial, boundary, and interface conditions, whose numerical analysis is required, using the method of discretisation in time and typically the finite element technique. The dissipative energy is an important metric, not merely for quantifying the portion of mechanical work permanently converted to plastic work and thermal energy. Crucially, the localised accumulation of this energy, often expressed as plastic work density, is the primary physical parameter driving microstructural changes, damage initiation, and crack propagation under intense loading. This paper demonstrates how the dissipative energy resulting from material nonlinearities can be evaluated in dynamic problems involving the impact of one body on another and provides a quantitative comparison of numerically calculated dissipated energy using three types of nonlinear constitutive material models, namely the plastic material model with Rankine-Hill criterion, the Mazars damage model, and the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Different pathways of regulatory sandboxes in Europe: Literature review with a special focus on Czechia.(Institute for Local Self-Government Maribor, 2026-01-20) Bečvář, Daniel; Pavelka, JanFor more than forty-five years, including the years of the communist regime, there has been an instrument in Czech legislation allowing experimental validation of innovations in the public education system (e.g., methods, forms, or organization of education). Despite this fact and other recommendations from the OECD or the European Commission, Czechia, in contrast to neighboring countries, has not yet implemented a true regulatory sandbox. The objectives of this article are (i) to describe the development of regulatory sandboxes in Czechia, (ii) to compare it with other Central and Eastern European countries and (ii) to provide recommendations for further steps in the responsibility of regulatory sandboxes and their establishment in the Czech legal environment. To achieve the objectives, a review of literature and policy documents was used.Item type:Item, Access status: Open Access , Tooth-bone attachment tissue is produced by cells with a mixture of odontoblastic and osteoblastic features in reptiles(Wiley, 2026-02-01) Sulcova, M.; Dumkova, J.; Huteckova, B.; Kavková, Michaela; Parobková, Viktória; Zahradnicek, O.; Krivanek, J.; Adameyko, I.; Kaiser, Jozef; Zikmund, Tomáš; Tucker, A. S.; Buchtova, M.Teeth are anchored in the jaw in a highly variable manner across vertebrates. In mammals and crocodiles, the teeth are cushioned inside bony sockets by periodontal ligaments, whereas most squamate reptiles have teeth firmly attached to the jawbone. Here, we analyzed the development of the attachment tissue in the veiled chameleon, a species with firm acrodont tooth attachment, to reveal the cellular processes establishing ankylosis and to determine the cell types contributing to the attachment. The tooth-bearing bones formed pedicles with edges fusing to the dentine via an attachment tissue produced by morphologically distinct cells exhibiting both osteoblastic and odontoblastic features. These cells were RUNX2-positive, suggesting their potential to differentiate into hard-tissue-producing cells. However, in contrast to the osteoblasts of the bony pedicles, tooth-bone interface (TBI) cells expressed elevated levels of Na+-/K+-ATPase and thus resembled odontoblasts. TBI cells were visible only temporarily, and after tooth-bone fusion they were removed by apoptosis and phagocytosis. Dynamic deposition of the hard matrix continued on both sides of the TBI and during the posthatching stages through the participation of osteoblasts. Overall, our findings demonstrate both odontoblast- and osteoblast-like characteristics of cells producing the attachment tissue at the TBI during development in chameleons, highlighting the existence of a transient intermediate cell population, which we call ankyloblasts.